xss"><h1>mm

Another idea regarding Step 4 - Via Patterning simplification:Why do we need to develop exposed PR at all? Exposed PR is removed by an aqueous solution, meaning it can be removed by plasma. So, the idea is to apply plasma etch directly after exposure.

Regarding the Step 4 - Photo Lithography (PL) operation simplification: Why do we develop within the costly PL equipment? Developing the exposed resist is just a wet etch/clean process that can be performed with regular cheap wet cleaning equipment.

In Step 3 - Sacrificial Light Absorbing Layer deposition - use hot air for the material solidification on the wafer during the Spinon process. This will allow the termination of the furnace and additional movements of the wafer. The high pressure above the rotating wafer will prevent the material from contamination.

Air daps also prevent the formation of voids within the metal via a metal line - we already have voids. Very strong Cu-electromigration might slightly affect the surface of the via and metal line, but the voids will not be formed within the metal.

Use ILD with non-uniform density. Actually, we need high density of the material to prevent diffusion of Cu in to ILD

To ensure a small gap between the metal line and ILD. It could be made in different ways, such as using soluble Barriers, we can use a difference in temperature expansion coefficients, etc.

Use silicide passivation instead of a thick Ta barrier layer.

Semiconductor devices are becoming more complex and expensive. But what exactly are we paying for when we buy a computer, cellphone, or any device containing a microchip? It’s not for radically new functions—the core components remain the same: transistors and interconnections. According to Moore’s law, transistors are getting smaller, with more interconnection layers added, making the manufacturing process longer and more costly.

In reality, we’re paying for the inability of engineers to efficiently solve engineering challenges.

This project leverages System Functional Modeling (SFM) to analyze the IC interconnection layer and Process Functional Modeling (PFM) to evaluate its manufacturing process. These analyses aim to deepen our understanding of both the device and the production process, generating innovative solutions for cost reduction and improved efficiency.

Optimizing IC Interconnection: A Functional Approach to Innovation (Stay updated on the project's progress)

Projects related to innovations and problem solving in the microchip manufacturing

Optimizing IC Interconnection: A Functional Approach to Innovation

The internal or external contour or profile of a component or system as required for ergonomic and function rather than aesthetic reasons

Shape

No diffusion of Cu or voids formation due to electromigration effect - Metal line remains unchanged

Local quality

Merging

Pneumatics or hydraulics

Parameter changes

Version: Basic version, Component: Barrier - top layer

Loss or waste of elements of a system or its surroundings – substances, materials, sub-systems, products, fields, etc.  Can be partial or complete, permanent or temporary.

Loss of substance

The barrier takes the volume of the via and trench therefore, the volume of the metal via and metal line becomes smaller, reducing the conductivity of the line and affecting the current as a product

Functional Modeling of the traditional layer

Step 1 Etch Stop Deposition

Step 2 ILD Deposition

Step 3 Sacrificial Layer Deposition for Via

Step 4 Photolithography patterning for Via

Step 5 Via Etch

Step 6 Wet Cleaning after Via Etch

Step 7 Sacrificial Layer Deposition for Trench

Step 8 Photolithography Patterning for Trench

Step 9 Trench Etch for Metal Line

Step 10 Wet Cleaning after Trench Etch

Step 11 Ta-Barrier + Cu-Seed layers Deposition

Step 12 Cu Electroplating

Step 13 Excessive Cu and Barrier Removal by Polish

Process Functional Modeling - Typical Process

During the loading, the lowest thermocouple received the wrong information; therefore, the bottom part of the furnace became overheated.

The quality of the low-zone wafers is different from the mid-zone and top-zone wafers. For instance, the stoichiometry of SiO2 might change. Even small variations of stoichiometry can result in the same change in optical constants that may affect the model of ellipsometric model and result in SiO2 thickness.

Turn off the heaters of the furnace when the boat is removed. The furnace is big enough to keep the temperature for a long time. Besides, the STABILIZATION step is long enough to compensate for the temperature difference.

Use a mixture of N2 and Ar during LOADING to ensure that all residual air is moved out, even from the bottom zone of the furnace.

Disconnect the thermocouples control during the LOADING if the furnace is turned on.

Start N2 flow just before the LOADING, before the loading of the boat with wafers into the furnace. Turn on the heaters only when the boat is completely loaded into the furnace

Turn off the heaters of the furnace and N2 flow during PRE-LOADING - loading the wafers in the boat

During the PRE-LOADING - loading wafers into the boat, the furnace remains open, resulting in losing N2 gas and electricity. It would be better to cover the bottom of the furnace.

The process is related to microelectronics - microchip manufacturing.

The purpose of the process is to create a SiO2 layer on the surface of a Si wafer.
Equipment: Vertical furnace to heat the wafers in the Q2 atmosphere and perform oxidation on the wafer surface.
Process: The oxidation occurs on the front side and on the back side of the wafer
Requirements: Create a SiO2 thin layer with a certain thickness and low sigma - low standard deviation of the thickness between the wafers and within the wafer

Failure: Wafers from the lower zone have higher thickness and significantly higher within wafer sigma (standard deviation of the thickness within the wafer)

SiO2 thin film creation in Diffusion furnace - Process Functional Modeling

Diffusion furnace - Process Functional Modeling (PFM)

The conditions are as follows:<ul><li>Furnace is open</li><li>Heaters keep the temperature of 300C</li><li>Atmosphere - N2 flows from the top of the furnace down and comes out of the furnace</li><li>Boat is empty</li><li>Wafers are in the FOUP (box for keeping and moving the wafers)</li><li>Robot picks the wafers from the FOUP and loads them into the boat</li></ul>The operation's main purpose is loading the wafers into the boatProduct - Wafers

PRE-LOADING - Loading wafers to boat

The conditions are as follows:<ul><li>Furnace is open</li><li>Heaters keep the temperature of 300C</li><li>Atmosphere - N2 flows from the top of the furnace down and comes out of the furnace</li><li>Wafers are in the boat</li><li>Elevator moves the boat with wafers into the furnace</li></ul>The operation's main purpose is to load the boat with wafers into the furnaceProduct - Boat

LOADING - Loading boat to furnace

The conditions are as follows:<ul><li>Furnace is closed</li><li>Heaters keep the process temperature</li><li>Atmosphere - N2 is kept within the closed furnace</li><li>Boat keeps wafers</li></ul>The operation's main purpose is to achieve an equal temperature within the furnace, to keep the wafers at the same temperature. Product - Wafers within the furnace

STABILIZATION - Dwelling & Temp increase

The conditions are as follows:<ul><li>Furnace is closed</li><li>Heaters keep the process temperature</li><li>Atmosphere - N2 is kept within the closed furnace</li><li>Boat keeps wafers</li><li>O2 is supplied to the furnace to ensure the interaction with wafers to create a SiO2 thin layer on the surface of the wafer.</li></ul>The operation's main purpose is to create SiO2 layerProduct - SiO2 layer

OXIDATION - O2 added

The conditions are as follows:<ul><li>Furnace is closed</li><li>Heaters reduce the temperature down to 300C</li><li>Atmosphere - N2 flows from the top of the furnace down and comes out of the furnace</li><li>Wafers are in the boat</li><li>Elevator moves the boat with wafers down out of the furnace</li></ul>The operation's main purpose is to load the boat with wafers into the furnaceProduct - Boat

UNLOADING - Boat down from furnace

The conditions are as follows:<ul><li>Furnace is open</li><li>Heaters keep the temperature of 300C</li><li>Atmosphere - N2 flows from the top of the furnace down and comes out of the furnace</li><li>Wafers are in the Boat</li><li>Robot picks the wafers from the boat and loads them into the FOUP</li></ul>The operation's main purpose is loading the wafers into the FOUPProduct - Wafers

COOLING & WAFERS UNLOADING

The thickness of the SiO2 thin film is measured using the ellipsometry method. The scheme of the measurements is shown below (the image was taken from <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/ellipsometry" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">the article</a>):<img 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">The purpose of the operation is to generate a signal within the detector.The product of the operation is the Detector.

SiO2 THICKNESS MEASUREMENT

The wafer is contaminated not equally. Use special cleaning on the areas that are more contaminated

The general conclusion is to eliminate the system of the air supply and exhaust. Let air enter the chamber and convert exhaust to drain with very little under-pressure. The will stabilize the performance, reduce the cost and make the system more simple.

Principle #16 – Partial or accessive action – do slightly more or slightly lessIf 100 percent of an object is hard to achieve using a given solution method then, by using 'slightly less' or 'slightly more' of the same method, the problem may be considerably easier to solve.A wafer is not contaminated equally: there are some areas with more defects and some areas with fewer amount of defectsThe idea is to use the shower with a graduated flow - the more the defects the higher the flow

Principle #13 – The other way around – Turn the object “upside-down”This is a great tip. Indeed, why the disk is kept “face-up” during the washing process?It would be much better to keep the disc “face down” to improve the removal of the defects from the surface.So, the idea is to keep the wafer “face down” during the washing process﻿<img 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">

Principle #15 – Dynamism – change an object from rigid to movable or adaptiveThe idea that is generated is as follows:Replace the constant flow of the chemistry with variable flow, especially in the and of the process, to ensure defects removal from the disc.So, the idea is to change (even make pulses) flow while the cleaning process.

Increase the pressure in the chamber

Prevent evaporation of the chemistry from the wafer

To increase the density of the chemistry by temperature reduction

Try to eliminate the wasting. Do we really need this?

Improve the rinsing process to ensure the defects removal

Improve the process to enhance the effectiveness of the cleaning with the chemistry

Wet cleaning is widely used in microchip manufacturing. Single wafer equipment is working as follows. A wafer rotates, and chemistry is poured from a movable nozzle. Water rinsing is performed at the end of the process.
Loading of a new batch of the chemistry resulted in excursion - a strongly increased amount of defects was observed on the wafer after the processing.
The project is dedicated to the failure analysis and creation of innovative solutions.

Wafer cleaning issues at the wet process

Wafer cleaning issues in the wet process

Anything related to the cubic measure of space occupied by an object or the space around it.   'Moving' includes any situations where there is any degree of relative motion or mobility between two or more parts related to the problem.  This relative motion may be a few microns or a considerable distance.

Volume of moving object

Big amount of chemistry or water will be on the wafer

Nesting dolls

The Other way around

Dynamism

Partial or excessive action

Loss or waste of energy that does not contribute to any of the useful functions being performed.  Inefficiency.  Can be partial or complete, permanent or temporary.

Loss of energy

Unpredictably high cost of the process due to the usage of big amount of chemistry or water for rinsing

Because the chemistry contaminates the wafer due to impurities or some other properties

The chemistry is removed from the wafer before it removes the defects

Defects remain on the wafer till the very end of the process.

Because the wet process does not remove the defects

Defects remain on the wafer surface after the wet cleaning process step

Try to eliminate the washing. Do we really need this?

To increase the density of the chemistry by temperature reduction.

Ensure that the chemistry remains on the wafer as long as possible (reduce rotation of the wafer)

Reduce evaporation rate of the chemistry, reduce rotation of the wafer

5+ WHYS Analysis

Increase the temperature of rinsing water

Defects remain on the wafer surface. The wet cleaning process suddenly becomes ineffective.Let's apply the Effective Brainstorming (EBS) tool to generate ideas and prioritize them.

To analyze why the defects remain on the wafer while cleaning with chemistry.The process is as follows:<ul><li>a wafer is kept in the special chuck in 4 points</li><li>chemistry pores from the nozzle on the wafer</li><li>the wafer rotates allows removing the chemistry from the wafer together with the defects</li><li>parameters of the process - chemistry flow, temperature, process time, wafer rotation rate and so on can be adjusted</li></ul>

Use a belt with deposited piezoelectric material. Collect the dust on the belt and remove the dust from the belt due to the belt rotation

Use the piezoelectric plate as a collector of the dust due to electrostatic effect

To use the electrostatic effect to collect the dust

Use piezoelectric plate to generate electricity due to bending

Use the other way around - opposite - generate electricity when moving

Replace the battery for another device that generate energy when it is needed

Eliminate a battery - replace it for another source of energy

This project showcases how functional modeling can drive innovation by analyzing and simulating various versions of a vacuum cleaner. By studying the functional model, you will experience firsthand how the Functional Modeling creative thinking tool helps identify opportunities for improvement and generate innovative ideas for the next generation of products.

Through this example, you’ll learn how to dissect the functionality of a vacuum cleaner, revealing ways to enhance its performance, efficiency, and user experience—ultimately paving the way for future innovations.

Functional Modeling of a Vacuum Cleaner: A Pathway to Innovation

Projects dedicated to mechanical engineering

Vacuum cleaner Functional modeling

Taking Out (Extraction)

Universality

Preliminary action

Discarding and recovering

The number of useful (value-adding) functions or operations performed by a system per unit time.  The time per unit function or operation.  Useful output per unit of time.  Cost per unit output, or amount of useful output.  (See 'Speed' –  #14 – which is more focused on issues of dynamics rather than the output of product.)

Productivity

The extent to which a user is able to learn how to operate, operate or control a system or object.  The convenience of use.

Ease of operation

The battery charges and supplies electricity for the DC motor

Periodic action

Any interaction that is intended to change an object's condition.  Can be linear or rotational; the term applies equally well to torque.

Force

Mechanical vibration

Copying

System' Complexity – The number and diversity of elements and element interrelationships within and across the boundaries of a system.  The user may be an element of the system that increases the complexity.  Includes issues like the number of functions, number of interfaces and connections, excessive number of components.    'Control' Complexity – complexity of the control system – either physical components or the algorithms that it contains- used to control a system in delivering useful functions.

Device complexity

Battery consumes energy even without usage

The measure of an object's capacity for doing work.  This parameter focuses on the actual amount of energy (rather than the efficiency of its use, see 27).  'Moving' includes any situation where there is any degree of relative motion between two or more parts related to the problem.  The relative motion may be a few microns or larger amounts.

Use of energy by moving object

Equipotentiality

Mechanics substitution

The measure of an object's capacity for doing work.  This parameter focuses on the actual amount of energy (rather than the efficiency of its use, see 27).  'Stationary' includes any situation where there is no form of relative motion between two or more parts related to the problem.

Use of energy by stationary object

Porous materials

The amount, quantity, or a number of a system's materials, substances, parts, fields or sub-systems.  'Substance' is used in its most generic form in the TRIZ context to include any physical or temporal 'thing'.

Quantity of substance/the matter

Any linear or angular dimension relating to a stationary object.   'Stationary' includes any situations where there is no form of relative motion between two or more parts related to the problem.

Length of stationary object

Version: Basic version, Component: Wire

DC electricity to make the vacuum cleaner operate

Version: Wireless version, Component: Battery

Battery consumes energy even if no operation

Version: Innovative version, Component: Piezoelectric Plate

To redesign the pins from straight and vertical, they could be spherical or tilted

Some parts of the pedestal can be made flexible

Perform the process in vacuum to avoid atmosphere flow

Maybe keep the wafer with a vacuum to avoid any movement of the wafer

Wafer moves within the chamber during the flash heating

Flash heating of a wafer is widely used in microchip manufacturing. The purpose of the process is to prevent the diffusion of ions and atoms. During the flash process, a wafer breakage occurs. The project's purpose is to learn and understand the mechanism of the wafer breakage and propose the solutions to prevent the wafer breakage

Wafer breakage at flash heating

Spheroidality - Curvature

Flexible shells and thin films

Composite materials

The extent to which an object is able to resist changing in response to force.  Resistance to breaking.  Can mean elastic limit, plastic limit, or ultimate strength; tensile or compressive; linear or rotational.  Also includes toughness and hardness.

Strength

The pedestal has a special configuration: the wafer moves and can get a mechanical hit

Wafer moves due to air pressure difference appearing due to flash heating

Run additional wafers to compensate for the broken wafers

Redesign the pedestal or add a ring having no "walls" - no parts that the wafer can hit

Keep the wafer static - no movements at all (vacuum keeper?)

Redesign the pedestal to exclude a mechanical hit

Projects solving problems in the software development world and related processes.

Solving problems and innovations in chemical processes

886 results in all PRIZ Hub authors