Metal to Metal-Halide Perovskites. By Layla Khateeb, Aviv Dahari.
The system involves converting metals into halide perovskites (HaP) for solar applications.
The primary metals used are lead, gold, and copper: Lead is initially tested for conversion into methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3), while gold and copper are considered safer alternatives.
Chemical solutions such as methylammonium iodide (MAI) are used in various concentrations (25mM, 50mM, 250mM) along with additives like iodine (a free halogen), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Two main conversion techniques are employed:
- dipping, where metal films are immersed in salt solutions,
- spin coating, an alternative method for creating thin films.
Characterization methods include X-ray diffraction (XRD) for analyzing diffraction patterns, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for imaging, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for compositional analysis, and photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) for studying optical properties and carrier lifetimes.
The system aims to efficiently and reproducibly convert metals like gold and copper into halide perovskites, reducing toxicity and enabling the production of efficient and environmentally friendly solar cells. Challenges include toxicity (especially with lead), ensuring reproducibility, and producing small, uniform crystals by controlling chemical parameters and reaction times.
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If | we use gold as a precursor |
|---|---|
Then | the toxicity of the perovskite films will improve |
But | the cost of the materials will be very high. |
If | we utilize spin coating for film deposition |
|---|---|
Then | the uniformity of the films will be better |
But | the process complexity will increase |
| Task | Rank |
|---|---|
Documenting current processes. |
| Task | Rank |
|---|---|
Perovskite Film Dissolution | |
Routine checks on existing experiments. |
| Task | Rank |
|---|---|
Measurement Inaccuracies |
| Task | Rank |
|---|---|
Small Contaminations in Samples | |
Equipment Calibration Issues |
Explore Metal-Halide Perovskites as a potential alternative material for solar cells
Collaborate with experts in the field of Metal-Halide Perovskites to gain insights and guidance on their practical implementation
Silicon is expensive for manufacturing solar cells
Explore alternative materials with similar or better properties but lower cost for solar cell manufacturing
The production process of silicon wafers energy-intensive and requires high-purity silicon
Invest in research and development to find alternative materials with simpler manufacturing processes
The purification and crystallization processes of silicon involve high temperatures and complex manufacturing steps
Collaborate with experts in the field to identify innovative technologies or techniques that can streamline the purification and crystallization processes while maintaining quality standards.
Silicon need to be refined to a very high purity and structured into a crystalline form to effectively convert sunlight into electricity
Implement advanced purification techniques such as zone refining or chemical vapor deposition to achieve the required high purity levels of silicon.
The system we are analyzing involves the conversion of metals such as lead, gold, and copper into halide perovskites for solar applications.
This process includes depositing metal films on substrates using techniques like magnetron sputtering and spin coating. These films undergo chemical reactions with methylammonium bromide (MABr) in various solvents under controlled conditions.
The resulting perovskite films are characterized using methods like XRD, SEM, EDS, PL, and TRPL. The aim is to optimize parameters like MABrconcentration, reaction time, and the addition of halogens to produce stable, efficient, and reproducible perovskite films for solar cells while addressing challenges related to toxicity, cost, and process complexity.
Operational Effectiveness – OE
Effective
Ineffective
OE 1.5
Operational Perfectness - OP
Basic functions
Components
Supersystems
OP 0.26
Characterization Equipment (XRD, SEM, EDS, PL, TRPL) | 10 |
Chemical Additives (bromide, HBr) | 9 6.4 |
Solvents (IPA, DMF, DMSO) | 6 8.6 |
Metal Films (Gold, Copper) | 6 |
Substrates (Glass) | 6 4.3 |
Deposition Equipment (Magnetron Sputtering, Spin Coating) | 5 10 |
Methylammonium bromide (MABr) Solution | 2 |
Based on the functional analysis of our system using the creative tool, we have reached the following conclusions for the process of converting metals to halide perovskites. Characterization equipment (XRD, SEM, EDS, PL, TRPL) has shown high efficiency, and therefore, its use should continue to ensure the quality and efficiency of the films. Conversely, chemical additives (bromide, HBr) and solvents (IPA, DMF, DMSO) pose significant risks of toxicity and environmental hazards. Thus, it is recommended to consider replacing them with less harmful materials or reducing their usage. The substrates (glass) require improvements in resistance to humidity and thermal variations to prevent damage. Additionally, the deposition equipment (Magnetron Sputtering, Spin Coating) needs upgrades and regular maintenance to prevent contamination and enhance process quality. Finally, further testing and improvement of the methylammonium bromide (MABr) solution are necessary to achieve better results in the conversion process. These enhancements will lead to improved stability, efficiency, and quality of the perovskite films for solar applications.
If | Deposition Equipment (Magnetron Sputtering, Spin Coating) remains unchanged |
|---|---|
Then | Deposition Equipment (Magnetron Sputtering, Spin Coating) Formation process Halide Perovskite Films |
But | Deposition Equipment (Magnetron Sputtering, Spin Coating) Contamination Metal Films (Gold, Copper) |
Anatoly Agulyansky
Excellent analysis, a lot of ideas generated from 40 Inventive Principles, Functional Model seems very detailed.
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